• Closed Brain Injury: A nonpenetrating injury to the brain with no fracture in the skull. These injuries often result from rapid movement and shaking of the brain inside the skull, causing bruising and tearing of brain tissue and blood vessels. They are commonly caused by car accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Shaken baby syndrome is another form of closed brain injury.
• Penetrating (Open) Head Injury: An injury where there is a break in the skull, such as when a bullet pierces the brain. They are commonly cased by gunshot wounds, sharp object injuries, or other events where an object penetrates the skull and brain tissue.

• Memory loss 

• Difficulty concentrating 

• Impaired judgment and reasoning 

• Slowed thinking 

Motor Deficits: 

• Weakness or paralysis 

• Poor coordination and balance 

• Difficulty with fine motor skills 

Perceptual or Sensory Deficits: 

• Changes in vision, hearing, or sensation 

• Difficulty with spatial orientation 

Communication Deficits and Language Difficulties: 

• Problems with speech and language comprehension 

• Difficulty with reading and writing 

Social Interaction Difficulties: 

• Challenges with social cues and interactions 

• Difficulty maintaining relationships 

Personality and Mood Changes: 

• Mood swings 

• Depression and anxiety 

• Irritability and aggression 

• Medications: To manage symptoms of pain, seizures, or mood disorders. 

• Executive Functioning Support: Strategies to improve organization, time management, and cognitive flexibility, helping individuals with TBI manage their daily tasks more effectively. 

• Rehabilitation: Includes physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and neuropsychological counseling to address various deficits and improve functioning. 

• Neurofeedback: A type of biofeedback that uses real-time monitoring of brain activity to teach self-regulation of brain function, potentially improving cognitive processes related to attention, memory, and emotional regulation.